Isparta yöresi bademlerinin (Prunus amygdalus L.) seleksiyonu

Abstract

Bu çalışma, 2004-2006 yılları arasında, doğal badem varlığı bakımından oldukça zengin olan Isparta yöresinde, geç çiçeklenen ve üstün nitelikli badem genotiplerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Bu amaçla, ilin doğal badem populasyonu detaylı bir şekilde taranarak, 320 genotip işaretlenmiş ve ıslah amaçları doğrultusunda incelenmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda, tartılı derecelendirme yöntemine göre 14 genotip ümitvar seçilmiştir. Ümitvar seçilen geotiplerde, tam çiçeklenme 2005 yılında Mart’ın IV. haftası ile Nisan’ın III. haftası; 2006 yılında ise Mart’ın IV. haftası ile Nisan’ın II. haftası arasında gerçekleşmiştir. 2005 ve 2006 yıllarında tam çiçeklenme bakımından genotipler arasında sırasıyla, 22 ve 21 günlük fark saptanmıştır. Her iki yılda da en geç çiçeklenme ISP 298 nolu genotipte kaydedilmiştir. Ümitvar genotiplerin kabuklu meyve ağırlıkları 3.51 (ISP 57) - 5.43 (ISP 127) g; iç badem ağırlıkları 0.99 (ISP 68) - 1.27 (ISP 57) g; iç oranları % 22.15 (ISP 68) -36.10 (ISP 57); kabuk kalınlıkları 2.71 (ISP 57) - 3.93 (ISP 127) mm; çift iç oranı % 0.00 - 19.33 ve ikiz iç oranı % 0.00 - 2.67 arasında belirlenmiştir. Kabuk sertliği bakımından 13 adet genotip ‘çok sert’ ve 1 adet genotip sert sınıfında yer almıştır. Genotiplerin 9’u ‘iri’, 3’ü ‘orta iri’ ve 2’si ‘ufak’ olarak değerlendirilmiştir. İç badem tadı bakımından 13 genotip ‘tatlı’ ve 1 genotip ‘orta-acı’, iç badem tüylülüğü bakımından ise 10 genotip ‘orta tüylü’, 2 genotip ‘az tüylü’ ve 2 genotip ‘tüylü’ olarak saptanmıştır. Genotiplerin 10’u ‘orta açık’, 2’si ‘açık’ ve 2’si ‘koyu’ badem renginde belirlenmiştir. This study was carried out in the province of Isparta (Turkey), where there is a rich natural almond resource to determine late flowering genotypes with high fruit quality between the year 2004 and 2006. For this purpose, natural almond population of Isparta province was surveyed in detail and 320 genotypes were labeled and evaluated for breeding objectives. 14 promising genotypes having superior characters were selected using weighted ranked method at the end of the study. In this study, full flowering of promising genotypes was observed between the fourth week of March and third week of April in 2005 and between fourth week of March and second week of April in 2006. Among the genotypes, 22 and 21 day differences was found for full flowering in 2005 and 2006, respectively. The latest flowering was observed in genotype ISP 298 for both years of the study. In the study, fruit weight with shell, kernel weight, kernel ratio, shell thickness, double kernel ratio, twin kernel ratio of the promising genotypes were ranged from 3.70 (ISP 57) to 5.66 (ISP 127) g, 0.99 (ISP 68) to 1.27 (ISP 57) g, 21.55 (ISP 228) to 34.32 (ISP 57) %, 2.71 (ISP 57) to 3.93 (ISP 127), 0.00 to19.33 %, 0.00 to 2.67 %, respectively. It was found that 13 genotypes were very hard and one genotype was hard in respect to fruit shell hardness. Among genotypes, it was shown that kernel sizes of nine genotypes were big, three genotypes were medium, and two genotypes were small. It was demonstrated that kernel taste of thirteen genotypes were sweet and one genotype was bitter and kernel hairiness of ten genotypes were medium hairy, two genotypes were less hairy, and two genotypes were hairy. Among genotypes, ten genotypes were medium light, two genotypes were light, and two genotypes were dark.It was found that tree shape was upright-spread in six genotypes and spread in eight genotypes. The colour of flower was white in nine genotypes and pink in three genotypes and light pink in two genotypes. Total oil content, protein content, ash content, humidity, palmitic acid content, palmitoleic acid content, stearic acid content, oleic acid content, and linoleic acid content of the promising genotypes were ranged from 44.25 (ISP 298) to 54.68 % (ISP 66), 21.23 (ISP 66) to 35.2%, 7 (ISP 298) 2.75 (ISP 66) to 3.81% (ISP 129), 3.41 (ISP 127) to 4.52% (ISP 59), 6.18 (ISP 241) to 8.06 % (ISP 57), 0.33 (ISP 80) to 0.91% (ISP 57), 1.20 (ISP 80) to 2.50 % (ISP 127), 64.60 (ISP 127) to 75.47 % (ISP 241), 16.05 (ISP 241) to 24.06 % (ISP 127), respectively.